With the rapid development of science and technology, the traditional mode of machining has been unable to meet the needs of the modern manufacturing industry. In this context, CNC machining parts came into being, with its high efficiency, high precision, high reliability features, and gradually become the mainstream of the machining field. This paper will introduce in detail the concept of CNC machining parts, advantages and applications in the manufacturing industry, aimed at exploring the new mode of machining to promote the development of the manufacturing industry.Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) First, the concept and advantages of CNC machining partsCNC machining parts refers to the use of digital control technology, metal or non-metallic materials for automatic processing equipment. Through programming control, CNC machining parts can realize the precise control of the workpiece to complete a variety of complex processing tasks. Compared with the traditional machining mode, CNC machining parts have the following significant advantages:1. high precision: CNC machining parts using high-precision servo motors and control systems to ensure precise control of the machining process, to achieve millimeter or even micron-level machining accuracy.2. High efficiency: CNC machining parts can realize continuous and automatic production, reducing manual intervention and effectively improving production efficiency.3. high reliability: CNC machining parts using modular design, with good maintainability and reliability, reducing the equipment failure rate, extending the service life.4. Flexibility: CNC machining parts can quickly adapt to the processing needs of different workpieces, to achieve multi-species, small batch flexible production.Second, the application of CNC machining parts in the manufacturing industryCNC machining parts are widely used in aerospace, automotive manufacturing, medical equipment, mold manufacturing and other fields, for the development of the manufacturing industry to provide strong technical support. Here are a few typical applications:1. aerospace field: CNC machining parts in the aviation engine, aircraft structural components and other key parts of the processing plays an important role in ensuring the high performance and reliability of aerospace equipment.2. automobile manufacturing field: CNC machining parts in the automobile engine, transmission and other key parts of the processing has a wide range of applications, and vigorously promote the rapid development of the automobile manufacturing industry.3. medical equipment field: CNC machining parts have important applications in the processing of key parts of medical equipment, implantable devices, etc., providing strong support for the development of the medical equipment industry. Third, explore the new model of machiningIn the face of increasingly fierce market competition, manufacturing enterprises need to continue to innovate and explore new modes of machining to improve their competitiveness. The emergence of CNC machining parts for enterprises to provide a new opportunity for development. Through the introduction of CNC machining parts, enterprises can realize the following aspects of the transformation:1. from rough production to intensive production: CNC machining parts can realize continuous, automated production, effectively improving production efficiency and reducing costs.2. from low-precision machining to high-precision machining: CNC machining parts can achieve millimeter or even micron-level machining accuracy to meet the needs of high-end manufacturing.3. from rigid production to flexible production changes: CNC machining parts can quickly adapt to the processing needs of different workpieces, to achieve multi-species, small batch flexible production.In short, CNC machining parts with its high efficiency, high precision, high reliability features, has become the mainstream of the machining field. Manufacturing enterprises should actively embrace this new technology, explore new modes of machining, and inject new vitality into their development.

Precision CNC machined parts are integral components in various industries, providing custom design solutions that meet specific requirements with a high level of accuracy and precision. CNC machining, which stands for Computer Numerical Control machining, utilizes computer-aided design (CAD) software to generate the necessary instructions for the machining process. This advanced technology allows for the production of intricate and complex parts with tight tolerances, ensuring consistency and quality in every piece manufactured. One of the key advantages of precision CNC machined parts is their ability to be customized to meet the unique needs of different applications. Whether it is a prototype for a new product or a replacement part for an existing machine, CNC machining can accommodate a wide range of materials, shapes, and sizes. This flexibility in design allows for the creation of highly specialized parts that are tailored to specific functions, ensuring optimal performance and compatibility in the final assembly. Furthermore, the precision and reliability of CNC machined parts make them ideal for industries where quality and accuracy are paramount, such as aerospace, automotive, and medical devices. The consistent output of CNC machining ensures that each part meets the required specifications, reducing the risk of errors and minimizing waste. With the ability to produce parts in large quantities with minimal variation, CNC machining offers a cost-effective solution for businesses looking to streamline their manufacturing processes and improve overall efficiency. In conclusion, precision CNC machined parts offer a versatile and efficient solution for custom design needs across various industries. With their ability to produce complex parts with tight tolerances and consistent quality, CNC machining plays a crucial role in modern manufacturing processes. By harnessing the power of cutting-edge technology and innovative design capabilities, CNC machined parts continue to drive innovation and advancement in the industrial landscape.

Invar 36 is an alloy containing 35.4% nickel. It has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion at room temperature (the average value is about 1.6×10-6/℃ between -20°C and 20°C). It is known as the "king of metals" and is an essential structural material for precision instruments and equipment. Invar 36 Similar Grades Country Brand United States Invar Germany Vacodil36 France Fe-Ni36 United Kingdom Nilo36 Japan Cactus LE Russia Invar 36 Chemical composition Inva alloy is a high nickel alloy, usually contains 32%-36% nickel, also contains a small amount of S, P, C and other elements, because nickel for the expansion of austenite elements, so high nickel makes austenite to martensite phase change down to below room temperature, -100 ~ -120 ℃, and therefore after annealing, Inva alloy at room temperature and a certain temperature range below room temperature, have a face-centered lattice structure of austenite organization, but also nickel dissolved in γ-Fe formed solid solution, so Inva alloy has the following properties. 1. Small coefficient of thermal expansion The average coefficient of expansion at room temperature is 1.6×10-6/℃, and it is relatively stable at room temperature -80℃~230℃. 2. Low strength and hardness Tensile strength is around 590Mpa, yield strength is around 410Mpa, Brinell hardness is around 141HBS. 3. Low thermal conductivity The thermal conductivity is 10W/m.K, which is only about 1/4 of the thermal conductivity of 45 steel. 4. High plasticity and toughness Plasticity, toughness, elongation, section shrinkage and impact toughness are all high, with elongation δ= 30-45% and shrinkage δ=50-70%. Impact toughness αK=130-310 J/cm2. *Invar can not be heat treated to strengthen, its properties are similar to austenitic stainless steel, but more difficult to machine than austenitic stainless steel. Cutting machining is mainly characterized by high cutting forces and high cutting temperatures. In the process, also has a soft, sticky characteristics and great plasticity, not easy to break the chip, intensify the wear of the tool, reduce the machining accuracy of the workpiece, and therefore must use high-performance tools.

CNC is a versatile subtractive manufacturing method that starts with a piece of material and, depending on the design complexity of the part, uses CNC machines with different number of axes to remove a portion of the material until it is cut into a finished part. This fine rotary process allows for extremely high dimensional accuracy and compatibility with many materials, including plastics, metals and wood. This high degree of versatility allows CNC to machine almost most of the parts we use every day. So which product parts are more cost effective to machine with CNC? We have summarized a variety of parts suitable for CNC machining according to different classifications. In the materials category, metals, plastics, wood, and other special materials such as ceramics, foam, and carbon fiber. The industry classification includes aerospace, transportation, oil and gas, defense, electronics, marine, commercial, medical, and optical. Parts performance classification, complex design parts, precision parts, single or low quantity parts, parts requiring fast delivery, parts with high surface finish requirements, parts with high prototype integrity, large size parts, repetitive finishing parts. Products by material The compatibility of CNC machining allows for the use of a wide range of materials in a way that other production methods such as 3D printing and injection molding production cannot. While 3D printing is moving toward greater durability and more material options, CNC is still the optimal choice for projects with specific material needs and properties, especially in the product testing phase where material validation is required. Metals / Alloys Aluminum, stainless steel, brass, etc. are the most common metal materials used in production. Depending on the properties required by the product, there are also alloys with different composition contents. cutting tools and speeds specific to CNC are an economical choice for machining metal materials. Wide range of plastic types Engineering plastics or polymers are popular because they have different characteristics such as high strength, toughness, and low cost. the subtractive process of CNC machining enables the internal structure of the part to maintain a uniform form at all times. Modeling foam Large stage foam letters, dimensional signage, set and scenic painting production, museum exhibitions. Wood Engraving, musical instrument parts, furniture Carbon Fiber Ceramic Products by Industry CNC machining utilizes computerized precision design and precision cutting to provide numerous complex parts for dozens of hundreds of industries. While mass production has been applied to many components, there are still parts that require more complex custom production. Aerospace industry High speeds, fast airflow and extremely high pressures are three factors that must be considered in the design of aerospace equipment. Engineers must precisely construct each part to avoid as much risk as possible. Accuracy has made CNC machining the preferred method of machining for aerospace equipment. The aerospace parts industry requires ultra-durable materials such as titanium, aluminum, nickel, and alloys, so CNC machining provides the ideal solution for creating all parts from simple to complex. Included are. Manifolds Bushings Electrical Connectors Bearings Airfoils Antennas Bearings Landing gear parts RF suppression materials Ventilation ducts The need for high precision, special materials, and repeatability in aerospace equipment, as well as the need to ensure audit of part history, made CNC machining of parts an obvious choice. Transportation industry The aerospace industry needs to make faster-than-sound aircraft, then the transportation industry needs long-lasting and durable parts to transport goods everywhere. Parts used on all kinds of vehicles need to be made by CNC machines, including transport ships, trains railroads, passenger cars, etc. A series of tests are also required before the transport vehicle is officially introduced into the market. And CNC machining can speed up the development process and meet the needs of the necessary vehicles, parts testing. In addition to this since, the restoration of classic cars also need CNC turning repair, many discontinued parts rely heavily on CNC machining. Many CNC machinists can even replicate car parts without the original drawings. Without these amazing efforts of CNC machinists, a large percentage of classic cars would not be as valuable and safe as they are today. As a result, these types of automotive parts are more cost effective using CNC machining methods, including. Engines Transmission Valve Seats Cylinder heads Shafts Pipes Lights Suspension Components Brake System Components Bushing Timing cover Fluid system components Pins Titanium valves Exhaust parts Sleeves Aluminum wheels Carburetor housings Oil and Gas Industry Parts for pipelines, refinery equipment and drilling rigs in the oil and gas industry are more efficiently machined using CNC. These pieces of equipment are often located in remote areas, and when parts of them don't work properly, they can be stopped for days waiting to be replaced and repaired. Parts for this type of equipment must be CNC machined to fit together accurately, perform high load work and withstand harsh environments. These parts include, but are not limited to. Clamps Rods Cylinders Fixture Piston Drill Bit Pins Piston rods Defense Industry For security reasons, the exact products and processes used to manufacture military equipment must be kept secret. However, there are still a variety of parts that require CNC defense industry partners to deliver parts to tight tolerances. CNC equipment is upgraded periodically based on defense needs, and such parts typically include Communication components Electronic products Transportation components Flat parts Electronics Industry With the development of lightweight electronic devices, electronics are becoming smaller and smaller while becoming increasingly powerful. This requires ensuring extremely fine tolerances, and CNC small and micromachining processes that can maintain very tight tolerances during production. Delegating the task of controlling and cutting tools to computers and machines can bring precision to a level that is not possible for humans to achieve manually. Heat sinks Housings RF interference shielding Amplifier housings Semiconductor parts Electrical insulation Marine Industry Marine vessels are exposed to wet and corrosive salt water environments for long periods of time, and equipment parts require materials that are strictly waterproof, corrosion and wear resistant to last longer. CNC machining is the perfect partner for a variety of special materials, and these partner parts include Insulation boxes Engine parts Prototype molds Propellers Electronic parts Boat parts Commercial Commercial products iterate quickly and the flexibility of CNC machining allows for the production of shaped parts of various sizes from a variety of materials. For new product development, rapid prototyping, modeling, and 3D graphics can be checked and verified before being quickly put into mass production. Modifications to existing products can also be implemented quickly. Medical Industry CNC machining solutions are also commonly used in the manufacture of medical devices as well as orthopedic devices and surgical implants. CNC can even perform knurling or mirror machining until a complete end product is provided. For medical specific industries, CNC machines can record and generate their own documentation, which can provide the automated reports needed for product tracking and FDA process approval. Optical Industry CNC machining is particularly valuable in the optical industry. Glass eyeglass lenses, for example, are cut by a CNC-controlled waterjet. CNC cutting can produce complex features, such as precisely angled grooves and bevels, that are difficult to make by other manufacturing methods.

CNC machining is applicable to most of the precision parts processing in the fields of aviation, navigation, automobile, medical, industry, etc. CNC machining has high precision, fast efficiency and stable quality. In common parlance, that is, the sky flying, running on the ground, swimming in the water can be built! CNC machining center to CNC programming control, the processing program is programmed in advance into the CNC operating system. By the operator according to the process for processing. The machine is divided into ordinary CNC machining center, 3-axis, 4-axis, 5-axis and compound machining center. CNC machining center can be multi-axis linkage on the complex structure of precision parts processing, but also for R & D companies for the development stage of the new production of metal hand board or plastic hand board for reference. CNC machining center can process aluminum profiles, stainless steel, zinc alloy, acrylic, ABS and various plastic type raw materials. High compatibility. Its process can be divided into fine turning, fine boring, fine milling, fine grinding, grinding and post-treatment, etc. Precision turning, precision boring: many precision light alloy parts are used in this method to the workpiece processing (aluminum alloy or magnesium alloy), coordinate accuracy can reach ± 2 microns. Fine milling: used for machining complex shaped aluminum or beryllium alloy structural parts, relying on the accuracy of the machine's guide and spindle to obtain high mutual position accuracy, using a carefully ground diamond cutter head for high-speed milling can obtain accurate mirror surface. Fine grinding: used for machining shaft or hole type parts. Most of these parts are made of hardened steel, which has high hardness. Grinding: Use the principle of mutual grinding of mating parts to selectively process the irregular raised parts on the machined surface, and its accuracy can be as high as ±0.01mm.

Metal seals are an important part of industrial base parts and are widely used in machinery, petroleum, chemical, metallurgical, and electric power industries, all of which are industrially important industries associated with CNC machining of precision metal seals. Metal seals are generally divided into stainless steel and non-ferrous metal seals. In CNC machining metal seals, stainless steel seals account for the major part of the processing, any change in stainless steel material will affect the quality and cost of CNC machined products for seals. Now affected by the quality and cost of CNC machined stainless steel seals, domestic CNC machining manufacturers continue to improve the process and invest sufficient research and development costs. Currently CNC machining stainless steel seals processing accuracy of ± 0.01mm, surface roughness of ra ± 0.01mm processing technology. Precision CNC machining manufacturers to solve the processing accuracy and efficiency of processing stainless steel seals. In recent years, China's CNC machining industry continues to develop, the quality of production of CNC machining of stainless steel seals gradually entered a new stage, influenced by the national industry upstream and downstream, the market size is growing, according to the Industrial Research Institute released the "China seals CNC manufacturing industry production and sales demand and transformation and upgrading report" statistical data analysis, 2021 China CNC machining seals manufacturing revenue through 81.060 billion yuan, an increase of 17.8% year-on-year. Our company continues to make significant breakthroughs in CNC machining technology and can now provide our customers with high quality seal CNC machining products in bulk.

After a long period of development, metal materials have penetrated into all aspects of life, especially in the field of industrial manufacturing, metal materials have very good mechanical strength, temperature resistance, aging resistance, dimensional stability are more excellent. But with the development of science and technology, various industries such as aerospace, automotive and other fields have increasingly high requirements for the use of materials to meet the premise of the use of performance, the application of materials also put forward new needs, such as lightweight, corrosion resistance, safety, etc.. With the development of the 3D printing industry, we can see that the application of 3D printing high-performance plastic scene is increasingly rich, more and more industries are through the 3D printing technology to solve the problems encountered in the manufacturing process, so through the 3D printing of high-performance plastic manufacturing in the end can replace the traditional process of manufacturing out of metal parts? In this issue, 3D printing technology reference will be from the material, process, design and performance of several aspects of the complete show. Types of additive manufacturing technologies There are many types of additive manufacturing processes, among which FFF/FDM 3D printing technology is known for its own flexibility and versatility. The molding principle of this technology is not complicated, as the plastic wire is melted and extruded through a high-temperature nozzle, and the wire is stacked, cooled, and cured on the printing platform to obtain a solid layer by layer. Because the raw materials used are based on plastics that have been developed for more than 120 years, the parts printed by the FFF/FDM process have different material options and functional characteristics for various environments, such as superior mechanical properties, temperature resistance, chemical resistance, friction resistance, etc. Classification of thermoplastic materials 01 Engineering plastics Now the market mainly uses FFF/FDM 3D printing materials, there are engineering materials and high-performance special materials. Among the common engineering plastics, PC has very good wear resistance, temperature resistance and oil resistance; ABS is only about one-half of the cost of PC, and has good processability and very good plating performance, which can realize vacuum lamination or painting process, and the space for post-processing is relatively large. In addition, among the engineering plastics, there is also nylon, which has very good rigidity, strength, wear resistance and oil resistance, generally used in a large number of automotive interior and exterior trim and air conditioning ventilation ducts and other scenarios, but because the nylon material is easy to absorb water, so its dimensional stability is relatively weak, moisture absorption will become soft, toughness becomes large. In the face of high moisture scenarios, we can consider adding carbon fiber, such as nylon 12 carbon fiber, which has an equilibrium moisture absorption rate of only about 0.6%, and can maintain a very stable performance in daily use scenarios. In addition, the stiffness, strength and dimensional stability of nylon carbon fiber material are better, which is suitable for some scenes with high requirements for dimensional accuracy, such as positioning tooling. 02 High performance special materials PPSU is resistant to hydrolysis, can withstand more than 100 steam sterilizations without damaging the mechanical properties, has excellent impact strength and is often used in medical devices with excellent results. ULTEM™ 1010 is preferred by many industries for its high strength, rigidity, wear resistance and dimensional stability at high temperatures, and is used in the electronics industry due to its excellent electrical properties, such as high temperature connectors and component holders. It is difficult to meet the requirements for light weight and flame resistance in the aerospace sector, ULTEM™ 9085 is suitable for making spare parts for aerospace components. How 3D printing thermoplastics can replace metals through structural optimization How can 3D printed thermoplastic parts be strength optimized for metal part replacement? There are several ways in which strength optimization can be achieved exactly. 01 Material side -Find the ideal material based on a large library of materials -Find the best performing materials from the market based on specified material properties 02 Process side -Improve the denseness or fill type of the printed model -Use larger nozzle sizes to achieve better interlayer strength -Adjust the printing direction of the sample to avoid overloading in the Z-direction -Increase shell thickness 03 Design side -Avoid stress concentration -Reduce the printing of fine structures, with secondary machining to achieve the final shape of the prototype -Topology optimization based on finite element analysis Performance differences between 3D printed plastic and metal parts 01 Flame resistance Usually, if the car can reduce the weight of 10%, then the fuel savings can reach 6-8%, the weight reduction of materials is significant for energy saving and emission reduction, but most of the ordinary engineering plastics are flammable, which will increase the safety risks, plastics with flame retardant capabilities have very good application prospects, especially in the field of new energy vehicles today, the innate insulation of plastics is a major advantage. 02 Chemical resistance Traditional manufacturing methods in order to meet the long-term use of metal materials in the friction conditions, usually using lubricants to reduce friction resistance, while increasing the risk of corrosion of materials. Plastics have inherent advantages in wear resistance, such as high-performance special plastics PEEK, with self-lubricating conditions and a relatively low coefficient of friction in the dry state, as well as good corrosion resistance, its chemical resistance is comparable to nickel steel, only dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid and some other strong corrosive solvents. 03 than strength The most obvious difference between 3D printed plastic materials and metal is strength and heat resistance, as seen in the heat resistance curve, from ABS, which can withstand temperatures up to 80°C, to PEEK, which can withstand temperatures up to 260°C. Basically, they can meet the needs of everyday use in the environment. PEEK has some other better performance in the more demanding conditions of the space environment. In addition, for the fatigue strength of material applications, the concept of specific strength can be introduced, which is the ratio of strength to density and can be interpreted as a comparison of the strength of two materials under the same mass. Like PEEK and PEI these two materials, their specific strength has been comparable to steel, so even in some of the more heavily loaded application scenarios, you can use plastic instead of metal. 04 Surface resistance In conventional industrial production, the use of metal materials to produce tooling fixtures also has a very wide range of applications, but through the open-mold process to produce metal tooling time cycle is relatively long, the cost is also higher, which is also a more common need is anti-static. In this case, the use of plastic 3D printing to make tooling is also a very good choice. Some conventional engineering plastics, have a relatively high surface resistivity, which we know as insulating materials, so there is a risk of discharge in the production process. So can plastics also have some anti-static properties? The answer is yes. At present the mainstream way, is through the physical modification of plastic to achieve the effect of anti-static, such as the addition of carbon fiber, nanotubes, or even graphene in the raw materials, or choose some more moisture-absorbing materials, such as the aforementioned nylon material, it will improve the conductivity after moisture absorption, but will therefore sacrifice some precision.

CNC aluminum alloy machining is the use of CNC automated lathes for processing materials, which is the main processing method used for precision parts processing within the manufacturing industry at present, and is used by most companies in the industry because of its fast processing speed, high precision and convenient processing process. CNC aluminum alloy parts batch processing using CNC machining center for processing mainly has the following advantages. 1, CNC machining center processing accuracy up to ± 0.01mm, accurate size and small error. 2, fast processing speed, can be batch processing of precision parts, the fastest one day shipping. 3, the processing process is convenient; CNC machining center can be clamped once to complete multiple processing, to avoid multiple clamping and other complicated processes. 4, surface treatment; some precision parts require high surface finish, and CNC machining center is good to ensure the surface finish of the product. 5, manual special technology; according to the product use environment using polishing and polishing, oxidation, painting, laser engraving, silk-screening, powder spraying and other special technology for processing to extend the service life of the parts.

Aluminum alloy - 7075 Aliases: Aluminum 3.4365 | EN-AW7075 | Al-Zn6MgCu Key properties: High strength - Toughness - Fatigue resistance - Excellent workability Aluminum 3.4365/EN-AW7075 has high strength (57 MPa), high toughness and excellent fatigue resistance. Excellent machinability. Aluminum alloy -6061 Alias: Aluminum 3.3211 | EN-AW6061 | Al-Mg1SiCu Key properties: High strength - Good weldability The main alloying elements in Aluminum 3.3211/EN-AW6061 are magnesium and silicon, with trace amounts of copper. Aluminum alloy -6060 Aliases: Aluminum 3.3206 | EN-AW6060 | Al-MgSi Key properties: Low strength - Heat treatable - Good weldability - Good corrosion resistance Aluminum 3.3206/EN-AW6060 has good corrosion resistance and weldability and is well suited for cold forming. Aluminum alloy -6082 Aliases: Aluminum 3.2315 | EN-AW6082 | Al-Si1Mg Key properties: Good thermal conductivity - High resistance to stress corrosion cracking Aluminum 3.2315 is typically rolled and extruded and has medium strength, excellent weldability and thermal conductivity.

This article introduces several metal forming processes, including casting ((1) sand casting (2) investment casting (3) pressure casting (4) low-pressure casting (5) centrifugal casting (6) metal casting (7) vacuum die casting (8) extrusion casting (9) disappearing die casting (10) continuous casting), plastic forming ((1) forging (2) rolling (3) extrusion (4) drawing (5) stamping), machining, welding, powder metallurgy metal injection molding metal semi-solid molding 3D printing The liquid metal is poured into the cavity of the mold that is compatible with the shape and size of the part, and then cooled and solidified to obtain a blank or part of the production method, usually called liquid metal forming or casting. Process flow: liquid metal → filling → solidification shrinkage → casting Process characteristics. 1.It can produce parts with any complex shape, especially the parts with complex internal cavity shape. 2, adaptable, the alloy type is not limited, the size of the casting is almost not limited. 3.Wide source of materials, scrap can be remelted, low investment in equipment. 4.High scrap rate, low surface quality and poor labor conditions. Casting classification : Sand casting; investment casting; pressure casting; low pressure casting; centrifugal casting; metal casting; vacuum casting; extrusion casting; disappearing mold casting; continuous casting (1)sand casting Sand casting: A casting method in which castings are produced in a sand mold. Steel, iron and most non-ferrous alloys castings can be obtained by sand casting method. Process Flow: Technical characteristics. 1, suitable for making blanks with complex shapes, especially those with complex internal cavities. 2, wide adaptability, low cost. 3, for certain materials with very poor plasticity, such as cast iron, sand casting is the only forming process to manufacture its parts or, blanks. Applications: automotive engine cylinder block, cylinder head, crankshaft and other castings (2)investment casting Investment casting: Usually refers to the casting scheme in which the mold is made of fusible material, covered with several layers of refractory material on the surface of the mold to make the shell, and then the mold is melted and discharged from the shell, so as to obtain a cast without a parting surface, which can be filled with sand and poured after high temperature roasting. It is often called "lost wax casting". Process Flow: This article introduces several metal forming processes, including casting ((1) sand casting (2) investment casting (3) pressure casting (4) low-pressure casting (5) centrifugal casting (6) metal casting (7) vacuum die casting (8) extrusion casting (9) disappearing die casting (10) continuous casting), plastic forming ((1) forging (2) rolling (3) extrusion (4) drawing (5) stamping), machining, welding, powder metallurgy metal injection molding metal semi-solid molding 3D printing (3)die casting Die casting: It is the use of high pressure to press the metal liquid into a precision metal mold cavity at high speed, and the metal liquid cools and solidifies under pressure to form a casting. Advantages. 1.High pressure on metal liquid during die-casting, fast flow rate 2, good product quality, dimensional stability, good interchangeability. 3, high production efficiency, die-casting die used more times. 4, suitable for mass production, good economic efficiency. Disadvantages. 1, the casting is easy to produce small pores and shrinkage. 2, die casting plasticity is low, should not be in the case of shock load and vibration work. 3, high melting point alloy die casting, casting life is low, affecting the expansion of die-casting production. Applications: die casting was first applied in the automotive industry and instrumentation industry, and later gradually expanded to various industries, such as agricultural machinery, machine tool industry, electronics industry, national defense industry, computers, medical equipment, clocks and watches, cameras and daily hardware and many other industries. (4)low pressure casting Low-pressure casting: It is a method of filling the casting mold with liquid metal under low pressure (0.02 to 0.06 MPa) and crystallizing under pressure to form a casting . Process Flow: Technical features: 1, the pressure and speed of pouring can be adjusted, so it can be applied to a variety of different casting types (such as metal type, sand type, etc.), casting a variety of alloys and various sizes of castings; 2, the use of bottom injection type filling, metal liquid filling smoothly, no splash phenomenon, can avoid the involvement of gas and the scouring of the wall and core, to improve the casting rate; 3, castings under pressure crystallization, casting organization dense, contour Clear, smooth surface, high mechanical properties, for large thin-walled parts of the casting is particularly beneficial; 4, eliminating the complementary shrinkage riser, metal utilization rate increased to 90 ~ 98%; 5, low labor intensity, good labor conditions, simple equipment, easy to achieve mechanization and automation. Application: mainly for traditional products (cylinder head, hub, cylinder frame, etc.). (5)centrifugal casting Centrifugal casting: It is a casting method in which the metal liquid is poured into the rotating casting mold and solidified by filling the mold under the action of centrifugal force. Process flow: Advantages: 1, almost no metal consumption of the pouring system and riser system, improve the process yield; 2, the production of hollow castings without core, so in the production of long tube-shaped castings can significantly improve the metal filling capacity; 3, high density of castings, porosity, slag and other defects, high mechanical properties; 4, easy to manufacture barrels, sleeves and other composite metal castings. Disadvantages: 1, used in the production of shaped castings have certain limitations; 2, the casting bore diameter is not accurate, the bore surface is relatively rough, poor quality, large machining allowance; 3, the casting is easy to produce specific gravity segregation. Applications: centrifugal casting was first used in the production of cast pipes, domestic and foreign in metallurgy, mining, transportation, drainage machinery, aviation, national defense, automotive and other industries are using centrifugal casting process to produce steel, iron and non-ferrous carbon alloy castings. In particular, centrifugal cast iron pipes, internal combustion engine cylinder liners and bushings and other castings are the most common production. Advantages: 1, almost no metal consumption of the pouring system and riser system, improve the process yield; 2, the production of hollow castings without core, so in the production of long tube-shaped castings can significantly improve the metal filling capacity; 3, high density of castings, porosity, slag and other defects, high mechanical properties; 4, easy to manufacture barrels, sleeves and other composite metal castings. (6)gravity die casting Metal Casting: A molding method in which liquid metal is filled with metal castings under the action of gravity and cooled and solidified in the type to obtain castings. Process flow. Advantages: 1, the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the metal type is large, the cooling rate is fast, the casting organization is dense, the mechanical properties are about 15% higher than sand castings. 2, can obtain higher dimensional accuracy and lower surface roughness value of the casting, and good quality stability. 3, because of the use of sand core and rarely, improve the environment, reduce dust and harmful gases, reduce labor intensity. Disadvantages: 1, the metal type itself is not breathable, must adopt certain measures to export the air in the cavity and the gas generated by the sand core; 2, the metal type is not yielding, the casting is easy to produce cracks when solidifying; 3, the metal type manufacturing cycle is long, the cost is higher. Therefore, it can show good economic effect only when mass production in batches. Application: Metal type casting is suitable for both mass production of non-ferrous alloy castings such as aluminum alloy and magnesium alloy with complex shapes, and also for the production of castings and ingots of iron and steel metals. (7)vacuum die casting Vacuum casting: Advanced die casting process that eliminates or significantly reduces the porosity and dissolved gas in die casting by removing the gas in the die cavity during the die casting process, thus improving the mechanical properties and surface quality of die castings. Process flow. Advantages: 1, eliminate or reduce the internal pores of die casting, improve the mechanical properties and surface quality of die casting, improve the coating performance; 2, reduce the cavity back pressure, can use lower specific pressure and casting performance of poor alloy, it is possible to use small machine die casting larger castings; 3, improve the filling conditions, can die casting thinner castings; disadvantages: 1, mold sealing structure is complex, manufacturing and installation is more difficult, so the cost is higher; 2, vacuum die casting method, such as improper control, the effect is not significant. Therefore, the cost is higher; 2, vacuum die-casting method such as improper control, the effect is not very significant. (8)squeezing die casting Extrusion casting: It is a method to make liquid or semi-solid metal solidify and flow into shape under high pressure, and directly obtain the manufactured parts or blanks. It has the advantages of high utilization rate of liquid metal, simplification of process and stable quality, etc. It is an energy-saving and potentially promising metal forming technology. Process flow. Direct extrusion casting: spraying paint, pouring alloy, closing mold, pressurizing, holding pressure, releasing pressure, parting mold, blank demolding and resetting; indirect extrusion casting: spraying paint, closing mold, feeding material, filling, pressurizing, holding pressure, releasing pressure, parting mold, blank demolding and resetting. Technical features: 1.It can eliminate internal defects such as porosity, shrinkage and shrinkage; 2.Low surface roughness and high dimensional accuracy; 3.It can prevent the generation of casting cracks; 4.It is easy to realize mechanization and automation. Application: It can be used to produce various types of alloys, such as aluminum alloy, zinc alloy, copper alloy, ductile iron, etc. (9)Lost foam casting Disappearing mold casting (also called solid casting): is a new casting method in which paraffin or foam models of similar size and shape to the casting are bonded and combined into a model cluster, brushed with refractory coating and dried, buried in dry quartz sand, vibrating and modeled, poured under negative pressure, so that the model is vaporized, liquid metal occupies the model position, solidified and cooled to form the casting. Process flow: pre-foaming → foaming molding → dipping coating → drying → modeling → pouring → falling sand → cleaning Technical features: 1, high accuracy of castings, no sand core, reducing processing time; 2, no parting surface, flexible design, high freedom; 3, clean production, no pollution; 4, reduce investment and production costs. Application: suitable for producing various sizes of more precise castings with complex structure, with unlimited alloy types and unlimited production batches. Such as gray cast iron engine cases, high manganese steel bends, etc.